<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>ANGLO-SIKH RELATIONS</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<BODY class="BODY" oncontextmenu="return false" ondragstart="return false" onselectstart="return false">਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&#65279ANGLO-SIKH RELATIONS need to be traced to the transformation of the British East India Company, a commercial organization, into a political power in India. Victory at Plassey (23 June 1757) brought Bengal under the <i>de facto</i> control of the British, and that at Buxar (22 October 1764) made Oudh a British protectorate. By August 1765, the grant of the <i>d&#299w&#257n&#299</i> rights to the Company by the Mu<u>gh</u>al Emperor Sh&#257h '&#256lam made them the virtual rulers of Bengal, Bih&#257r and O&#7771iss&#257. Robert Clive (1725-74), the victor of Plassey and governor of Bengal during 1765-67, watched with interest the repeated invasions of India by Ahmad Sh&#257h Durr&#257n&#299 and rejoiced at his final repulse at the hands of the Sikhs in 1766-67. Expressing his happiness over Ahmad Sh&#257h's failure to advance towards the Indian heartland, he wrote to Naw&#257b Waz&#299r of Oudh on 19 February 1767, ". . . extremely glad to know that the Sh&#257h's progress has been impeded by the Sikhs. . . As long as he does not defeat the Sikhs or come to terms with them, he cannot penetrate into India. And neither of these events seems probable since the Sikhs have adopted such effective tactics, and since they hate the Sh&#257h on account of his destruction of the Chak [Gur&#363 Chakk, i. e. Amritsar]. " At the same time, in another despatch to Sh&#257h Wal&#299 <u>Kh</u>&#257n, Ahmad Sh&#257h's prime minister, Clive offered congratulations on the Sh&#257h's victory over the Sikhs for whom he uses such epithets as "perfidious" and "tyrannous. "</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 昀愀氀氀 漀昀 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㘀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 栀愀搀 攀砀琀攀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 䜀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㔀㜀ⴀ夀愀洀甀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䐀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 愀渀搀 刀甀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀氀欀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀ 戀漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一愀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 漀昀 伀甀搀栀⸀ 䨀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 ⠀搀⸀ ㄀㜀㜀㔀⤀Ⰰ 愀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀 匀椀欀栀 㰀椀㸀猀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀Ⰰ 㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 愀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 搀愀琀攀搀 ㄀㤀 䄀甀最甀猀琀 ㄀㜀㜀㄀ 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀漀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 刀漀戀攀爀琀 䈀愀爀欀攀爀 ⠀㄀㜀㈀㤀ⴀ㠀㤀⤀ 猀漀甀最栀琀 昀爀椀攀渀搀氀礀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀⸀ 圀愀爀爀攀渀 䠀愀猀琀椀渀最猀 ⠀㄀㜀㌀㈀ⴀ㄀㠀㄀㠀⤀Ⰰ 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀 漀昀 䈀攀渀最愀氀 猀椀渀挀攀 ㄀㜀㜀㈀ 愀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀ⴀ最攀渀攀爀愀氀 椀渀 ㄀㜀㜀㌀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀 搀攀攀瀀氀礀 瀀攀爀琀甀爀戀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 瀀漀眀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 欀渀漀眀 愀氀氀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀洀⸀ 䄀琀 栀椀猀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀 䴀愀樀漀爀 䄀渀琀漀椀渀攀 䰀漀甀椀猀 䠀攀渀爀椀 倀漀氀椀攀爀 ⠀㄀㜀㐀㄀ⴀ㤀㔀⤀Ⰰ 愀 匀眀椀猀猀 䔀渀最椀渀攀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀✀猀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀渀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀攀搀 戀礀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 ✀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀氀愀洀 䤀䤀Ⰰ 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 栀椀洀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㜀㜀㘀Ⰰ 愀 搀攀琀愀椀氀攀搀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 眀愀猀 渀攀瘀攀爀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀 焀甀漀琀攀搀 戀礀 䜀攀漀爀最攀 䘀漀爀猀琀攀爀 ⠀搀⸀ ㄀㜀㤀㈀⤀Ⰰ 愀 挀椀瘀椀氀 猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 眀栀漀 甀渀搀攀爀 圀愀爀爀攀渀 䠀愀猀琀椀渀最猀✀ 漀爀搀攀爀 樀漀甀爀渀攀礀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀Ⰰ 䬀愀猀栀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀 愀渀搀 䄀昀最栀愀渀椀猀琀愀渀 搀椀猀最甀椀猀攀搀 愀猀 愀 吀甀爀欀椀猀栀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀氀攀爀 愀渀搀 眀爀漀琀攀 㰀椀㸀䄀 䨀漀甀爀渀攀礀 昀爀漀洀 䈀攀渀最愀氀 琀漀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 㰀⼀椀㸀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 ㄀㜀㤀㠀⸀ 吀眀漀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 漀渀 匀椀欀栀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 戀礀 倀漀氀椀攀爀 愀氀猀漀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䄀猀椀愀琀椀挀 䄀渀渀甀愀氀 刀攀最椀猀琀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀漀爀 ㄀㠀　　 愀渀搀 ㄀㠀　㈀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Meanwhile, the Sikhs audaciously continued their raids into the Do&#257b and Ruh&#299lkha&#7751&#7693. The latter territory had been conquered by the Naw&#257b of Oudh with British help in 1774, and thus formed part of the British protectorate. In December 1778, the entry of the Sikhs into Ruh&#299lkha&#7751&#7693 was resisted by British troops who, by their superior discipline and training as well as by their artillery, were able to force the Sikhs to retire. In January 1783, Sard&#257r Beghel Si&#7749gh (d. 1802), at the head of a large force, approached An&#363pshahr on the western bank of the Ga&#7749g&#257 and was contemplating to cross the river into Ruh&#299lkh&#7751&#7693 when the force of the Naw&#257b of Oudh appeared on the opposite bank. Some British battalions also arrived on the scene. The Sikhs retreated, changed direction and plundered, during February 1783, the southern districts of the Do&#257b up to Shikoh&#257b&#257d and Farru<u>kh</u>&#257b&#257d, pillaging &#256gr&#257 on their way back. In the following month they raided the northern parts of Delhi itself. Warren Hastings directed Major James Browne, the British Agent at the Mu<u>gh</u>al court, to organize a confederacy against the Sikhs consisting of the Emperor Sh&#257h '&#256lam, the Mar&#257&#7789h&#257s, the Ruh&#299l&#257s and the Naw&#257b of Oudh, and also to collect more information about the Sikhs. Browne's attempt to form a confederacy failed but he did get in touch with several Sikh <i>sard&#257rs</i> including Baghel Si&#7749gh's <i>vak&#299l, </i> Lakhpat R&#257i, and compiled an account under the title <i>History of the Origin and Progress of the Sicks</i> [sic] for the information of the governor-general. It was later published, in 1788, in the <i>Indian Tracts</i> series.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䤀渀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀 琀漀 䈀爀漀眀渀攀✀猀 漀瘀攀爀琀甀爀攀猀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 匀椀欀栀 㰀椀㸀猀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀椀氀氀椀渀最渀攀猀猀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 昀爀椀攀渀搀氀礀 愀氀氀椀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 眀攀爀攀 琀漀漀 愀瀀瀀爀攀栀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀漀眀攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㠀㐀Ⰰ 愀 戀漀搀礀 漀昀 ㌀　Ⰰ 　　　 匀椀欀栀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀渀搀 昀漀漀琀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 夀愀洀甀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 眀愀猀 愀氀愀爀洀攀搀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀攀渀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 最愀爀爀椀猀漀渀猀 愀琀 䈀愀爀攀椀氀氀礀 愀渀搀 䘀愀琀攀栀最愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀栀⸀ 䨀愀洀攀猀 䈀爀漀眀渀攀 椀渀昀漀爀洀攀搀 圀愀爀爀攀渀 䠀愀猀琀椀渀最猀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀愀琀攀渀椀渀最 愀琀琀椀琀甀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 猀愀椀搀 琀栀愀琀 䬀愀爀愀洀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀攀愀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀攀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 栀愀搀Ⰰ 漀甀琀 漀昀 爀攀最愀爀搀 昀漀爀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 瀀攀爀猀甀愀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 匀椀欀栀 㰀椀㸀猀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 渀漀琀 琀漀 挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 䜀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一愀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 漀昀 伀甀搀栀Ⰰ 愀渀 愀氀氀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀⸀ 圀愀爀爀攀渀 䠀愀猀琀椀渀最猀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀搀Ⰰ 椀渀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㠀㐀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 漀眀渀 瀀氀愀渀 琀漀 挀栀攀挀欀洀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 愀琀 䐀攀氀栀椀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 椀琀 䨀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀戀攀氀 猀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 ✀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀氀愀洀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 椀渀猀琀椀最愀琀攀搀 琀漀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀攀爀椀愀氀 挀漀甀爀琀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 眀愀猀 琀漀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 栀攀氀瀀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 一愀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 漀昀 伀甀搀栀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀氀愀渀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀挀椀渀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䴀愀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 挀栀椀攀昀Ⰰ 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 愀氀氀漀眀 愀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀 琀漀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 爀攀愀挀栀 䐀攀氀栀椀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀椀猀 琀爀愀渀猀ⴀ夀愀洀甀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 琀攀爀爀椀琀漀爀礀⸀ 伀渀 ㌀　 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㜀㠀㔀Ⰰ 䄀洀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䤀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最氀攀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 漀昀 匀挀椀渀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀✀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀猀Ⰰ 洀愀搀攀 愀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀愀氀 琀爀攀愀琀礀 漀昀 瀀攀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀栀椀瀀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 䈀甀琀 搀甀爀椀渀最 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㜀㠀㔀Ⰰ 匀椀欀栀猀✀ 攀洀椀猀猀愀爀椀攀猀 眀愀椀琀攀搀 甀瀀漀渀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀猀 愀琀 䘀愀爀爀甀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀 愀渀搀 䰀甀挀欀渀漀眀 漀昀昀攀爀椀渀最 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀渀 愀氀氀椀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀洀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 䴀愀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀⸀ 一漀琀栀椀渀最 挀愀洀攀 漀甀琀 漀昀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 猀攀琀 漀昀 瀀愀爀氀攀礀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Warren Hastings left India on 1 February 1785. John Macpherson, the acting governor-general, deputed on 19 June 1786 George Forster, who had already travelled through the Sikh territories, to establish contacts with the Sikhs and collect intelligence about their future designs. The new governor-general, Lord Cornwallis (September 1786 to October 1793), favoured a policy of caution and persuasion in dealing with the Sikhs and instructed the British Resident at Lucknow to please the Sikh <i>vak&#299l</i> or agent posted there. At the same time he cautioned the Naw&#257b of Oudh to ensure stricter vigilance at An&#363pshahr and D&#257r&#257nagar ferries and assured him of British reinforcements as and when needed.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䤀渀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㤀　Ⰰ 愀 匀椀欀栀 戀愀渀搀 漀昀 ㌀　　 洀攀渀 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀 䰀漀渀最挀爀漀昀琀Ⰰ 愀渀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀洀愀渀 椀渀 椀渀搀椀最漀 戀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 愀琀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀 䨀愀氀愀甀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 椀渀 ✀䄀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀最愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀栀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 爀攀琀椀爀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 氀攀愀搀攀爀 眀愀猀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀爀猀⸀ 匀漀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 吀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀攀猀愀爀 愀猀猀甀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀攀愀搀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 漀渀 䄀渀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瀀猀栀愀栀爀 眀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀攀搀 㰀椀㸀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀欀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀Ⰰ 漀渀 ㌀ 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀㤀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 䰀椀攀甀琀攀渀愀渀琀ⴀ䌀漀氀漀渀攀氀 刀漀戀攀爀琀 匀琀甀愀爀琀Ⰰ 眀栀漀洀 栀攀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 吀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀攀猀愀爀 愀渀搀 搀攀洀愀渀搀攀搀 ㈀Ⰰ 　　Ⰰ 　　　 爀甀瀀攀攀猀 愀猀 爀愀渀猀漀洀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀洀攀渀 漀昀昀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀 琀栀椀猀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 戀甀琀 䰀漀爀搀 䌀漀爀渀眀愀氀氀椀猀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 愀最爀攀攀⸀ 唀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 愀 猀甀洀 漀昀 刀猀 㘀　Ⰰ 　　　 眀愀猀 瀀愀椀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䈀攀最愀洀 匀愀洀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀氀漀渀攀氀 眀愀猀 猀攀琀 昀爀攀攀 漀渀 ㈀㐀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀㤀㄀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With their conquest of Delhi on 11 September 1803, the British had established their supremacy in the region. Meanwhile, Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh had emerged as the ruler of the Sikhs, overpowering the <i>misl</i> chiefs. The Sikh raids into the Do&#257b and the region north of Delhi came to an end. The cis-Sutlej Sikh chiefs accepted the suzerainty of the British who now entered into direct relationship with the Sikh monarch, Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh.</p>਍㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="BIB">਍䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䠀愀猀爀愀琀Ⰰ 䈀 䨀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀椀欀栀 刀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䠀漀猀栀椀愀爀瀀甀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㠀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Bal, S. S. , <i>British Policy Towards the Panjab 1844-49. </i> Calcutta, 1971<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 匀愀爀欀愀爀Ⰰ 䨀愀搀甀渀愀琀栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䘀愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀甀最栀愀氀 䔀洀瀀椀爀攀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䌀愀氀挀甀琀琀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㈀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Harbans Singh, <i>The Heritage of the Sikhs. </i> Delhi, 1983<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䠀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䜀甀瀀琀愀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀⸀愀猀瀀砀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀∀㸀ഀഀ
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